Polysyndeton
Etymology
From Greek polysýndeton, "much bound together," from polý ("many") + sýndetos ("bound together"), from syn ("with") + deîn ("to bind"). The name is literal: the clauses are lashed together with binding word after binding word, each "and" another knot in the rope.
noun · /pol-ee-SIN-di-ton/
The use of many conjunctions in close succession, often where none are strictly needed.
What it names
The breathless piling-on of "and the rain and the wind and the cold and the dark" — extra conjunctions that slow the rhythm and make a list feel endless or overwhelming.
Example
The polysyndeton in "we packed and we drove and we argued and we arrived" makes the trip sound as exhausting as it was.
Related idea
Asyndeton is the exact opposite, stripping conjunctions out entirely; both break the ordinary rules of listing, but in opposite directions.