Filibuster
Etymology
From the Spanish "filibustero," meaning freebooter or pirate, itself from the Dutch "vrijbuiter." Originally applied to nineteenth-century adventurers who raided Latin American states; by the 1850s American senators used it for those who "pirated" or hijacked legislative debate to hold proceedings hostage.
noun · /FIL-uh-bus-ter/
A parliamentary tactic of prolonging debate indefinitely to block or delay a vote a minority cannot win outright.
What it names
The raw power of obstruction — how a determined minority can weaponize the rules of orderly debate to run out the clock on the majority’s will.
Example
She threatened a filibuster, promising to hold the floor for as long as her voice held out rather than let the bill come to a vote.
Related idea
A filibuster obstructs from within the rules, whereas a quorum denial obstructs by withholding the bodies needed to make any decision valid at all.