Dualism
Etymology
From Latin "dualis," "containing two," from "duo," "two." The term was first used in a religious sense (good versus evil) around 1700, but its central philosophical form is mind-body dualism, developed by René Descartes in the 1600s, who argued that mind and body are two distinct substances that somehow interact.
noun · /DOO-uh-liz-um/
The view that reality is made of two fundamentally different kinds of thing — most famously mind and matter — neither reducible to the other.
What it names
A handle for the deep puzzle of how thoughts and brains relate: the intuition that your inner mental life is something over and above mere physical stuff.
Example
The hard question of how a lump of neurons produces the taste of coffee keeps dualism alive, however unfashionable it has become.
Related idea
Monism is its opposite, insisting there is only one kind of stuff — whether all matter or all mind — with no unbridgeable divide.